After Diwali, pollution levels across the country have surged once again, pushing air quality into the “poor” category. While pollution’s harmful effects on the lungs and heart are well-known, recent research reveals it also poses a serious risk to the brain.

According to the State of Global Air 2025 report by a US-based organization, prolonged exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) can damage brain tissues and increase the risk of dementia — a condition that affects memory and cognitive ability. The report highlights that pollution contributes to nearly 8 million deaths worldwide each year, with India among the worst affected countries.

Most Affected States in India
The report points out that states like Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Maharashtra are bearing the brunt of high pollution levels. Besides respiratory problems, air pollution is worsening non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, lung cancer, and dementia. In fact, air pollution has led to a 27% increase in heart diseases in the past decade.

Those already suffering from asthma, COPD, or other lung conditions are facing prolonged and severe symptoms. The elderly and children remain the most vulnerable to these health hazards.

How Pollution Damages the Brain
Pollution particles enter the body through breathing and mix with the bloodstream. These fine particles can reach brain tissues, impairing cognitive functions. Studies suggest this can lead to Alzheimer’s, memory loss, and reduced decision-making ability. Areas with higher pollution levels are witnessing more cases of memory-related disorders and cognitive decline, especially among older adults.

Ways to Protect Yourself from Pollution
Dr. Ajit Jain, Associate Professor at Rajiv Gandhi Hospital, Delhi, recommends the following precautions:

• Always wear a mask (preferably N95) when stepping outdoors.

• Cover your nose and mouth to prevent pollutants from entering your respiratory system.

• Gargle with warm water and inhale steam once or twice daily to clear airways.

• Keep inhalers and essential medicines handy if you have asthma or COPD.

• Heart patients should immediately consult a doctor if they experience chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or fatigue.